Miiran petrochemical catalysts
Miiran petrochemical catalysts
Hydration jẹ iṣesi ninu eyiti omi ṣe idapọpọ pẹlu nkan miiran lati di moleku kan.Awọn ohun elo omi pẹlu hydrogen ati hydroxyl ati awọn ohun elo ohun elo unsaturated mnu lati ṣe agbekalẹ awọn agbo ogun tuntun, ninu ilana yii ṣe ipa katalitiki ninu ohun elo ti a pe ni ayase hydration, ọna iṣelọpọ yii ti lo ni iṣelọpọ kemikali Organic.Ilana hydration jẹ ọkan ninu awọn ọna iṣelọpọ Organic, ṣugbọn bi ọna iṣelọpọ pataki, o ni opin si awọn iru ọja diẹ, bii ethanol ati diol.
Gbẹgbẹ le ṣee ṣe nipasẹ alapapo tabi ayase tabi nipa ifarabalẹ pẹlu oluranlowo gbígbẹ.Iṣe gbigbẹ gbigbẹ jẹ ilana iyipada ti iṣe hydration, nigbagbogbo ifaseyin endothermic, ni gbogbogbo, iwọn otutu giga ati titẹ kekere jẹ itọsi si iṣesi naa.Ni afikun, pupọ julọ ilana gbigbẹ yẹ ki o ṣee ṣe ni iwaju awọn ayase.Awọn ayase lo ninu hydration ilana - acid ayase jẹ tun dara fun gbígbẹ, commonly lo ni sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, aluminiomu oxide ati be be lo.Awọn ayase oriṣiriṣi ni oriṣiriṣi awọn ọja akọkọ ati yiyan giga.
Alkylation jẹ gbigbe ti ẹgbẹ alkyl lati moleku kan si omiran.Idahun ninu eyiti ẹgbẹ alkyl kan (methyl, ethyl, ati bẹbẹ lọ) ti ṣe ifilọlẹ sinu moleku agbopọ kan.Awọn aṣoju Alkylation ti o wọpọ ni ile-iṣẹ jẹ olefin, halane, ester sulfate alkyl, ati bẹbẹ lọ.
Ninu ilana isọdọtun boṣewa, eto alkylation darapọ awọn alkenes iwuwo molikula kekere (paapaa propylene ati butene) pẹlu isobutane nipa lilo ayase (sulfonic tabi hydrofluoric acid) lati dagba awọn alkylates (paapaa awọn octane ti o ga julọ, awọn alkanes ẹgbẹ).Awọn aati alkylation le pin si alkylation gbona ati alkylation catalytic.Nitori iwọn otutu giga ti ifasẹ alkylation gbona, o rọrun lati ṣe agbejade pyrolysis ati awọn aati ẹgbẹ miiran, nitorinaa ọna alkylation catalytic ti gba ni ile-iṣẹ.
Nitori sulfuric acid ati hydrofluoric acid ni acid to lagbara, ipata ti ohun elo jẹ ohun to ṣe pataki.Nitorinaa, lati iwoye iṣelọpọ ailewu ati aabo ayika, awọn ayase meji wọnyi kii ṣe awọn ayase to dara julọ.Ni lọwọlọwọ, a lo superacid to lagbara bi ayase alkylation, ṣugbọn ko ti de ipele ohun elo ile-iṣẹ titi di isisiyi.
Ibaraẹnisọrọ ti isomer kan pẹlu omiiran.Ilana yiyipada ọna ti agbo-ara kan laisi iyipada akopọ rẹ tabi iwuwo molikula.Iyipada ni ipo ti atomu tabi ẹgbẹ ninu ohun elo elepo Organic.Nigbagbogbo ni iwaju awọn ayase.
Iru hydrocarbon kan le yipada si awọn oriṣi meji ti o yatọ si hydrocarbon nipa lilo ilana isọpọ, nitorinaa aibikita jẹ ọkan ninu awọn ọna pataki lati ṣe ilana ipese ati ibeere ti hydrocarbon ni ile-iṣẹ.Awọn ohun elo ti o ṣe pataki julọ jẹ toluene disproportionation lati mu iṣelọpọ xylene pọ si ati lati ṣe agbejade benzene mimọ ni nigbakannaa, ati idawọle propylene lati ṣe awọn ilana triolefin ti polima-grade ethylene ati butene mimọ to gaju.Iyipada ti toluene si benzene ati xylene ni gbogbogbo nlo ayase aluminiomu ohun alumọni.Lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ báyìí, ìwádìí tí ó gbajúmọ̀ jùlọ jẹ́ àmúró molecular sieve catalyst, gẹ́gẹ́ bí meridionite-type siliki molikula sieve.
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